Fig. 3

Mechanistic overview of miR-155 in regulating insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. MiR-155 enhances insulin sensitivity by targeting key inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, including SOCS1, HDAC4, and C/EBPβ. Upon insulin binding to its receptor (IR), phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1/2) activates PI3 K, leading to the conversion of PIP2 to PIP3. This cascade stimulates PDK1 and Akt, promoting GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake. MiR-155 indirectly supports this process by enhancing AKT phosphorylation and glycolytic activity. Additionally, miR-155 counteracts TNF-α and JNK-mediated pathways that contribute to insulin resistance, thus playing a protective role in maintaining glucose homeostasis