Fig. 1

The evolution of cancer through angiogenesis is driven by the fast proliferation of tumors, which has the effect of decreasing the oxygen supply. Angiopoietin, FGF, PDGF, and VEGF are among of the pro-angiogenic factors that are increased as a consequence of this. This leads in a low-oxygen tumor microenvironment (TME), which drives excessive blood vessel creation by boosting the levels of various pro-angiogenic proteins. An increase in the transport of oxygen and nutrients is made possible by the construction of new blood vessels, which in turn makes it easier for tumor cells to continue their growth, survival, and multiplication. As these cells become increasingly aggressive, they proliferate, expand, and promote the development of new blood vessels. Ultimately, they will penetrate and travel to distant regions via the bloodstream