Fig. 3

Survival analysis comparing cryoablation (CA) versus thermal ablation (TA) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The upper panels illustrate Kaplan–Meier survival curves for the T1a patients, with overall survival (OS) on the left (p = 0.07) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) on the right (p = 0.13). The lower panels are dedicated to patients with T1b stage tumors, displaying OS (p = 0.013) and CSS (p = 0.0033) on the left and right, respectively. Notably, for T1b patients, CA significantly enhances survival outcomes as evidenced by both OS and CSS measures, suggesting a potential therapeutic advantage in this subgroup