Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
No. | Study (years of publication) | Country | Study design | Follow time | Source of data | The quantity of TKA | Total quantity | Total quantity of training sets | Method of generating validation set | Total quantity of validation sets | Methods for variable screening/feature selection | Types of models |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sharmala Thuraisingam [30] | Australia | Cohort | 5y | MedicineInsight | 15979(P) | 201462(P) | 201462(P) | Bootstrap | NA | Literature review, Delphi process | Fine–Gray |
2 | Ahmad Almhdie-Imjabbar [31] | France | Cohort | 9y | OAI | 375(P) /291(P) | 4382(P)/4296(P) | 4382(P)/4296(P) | Cross-validation | NA | Literature review | LR |
3 | Kevin Leung [25] | USA | Cohort | 9y | OAI | 364(P) | 728(P) | 728(P) | Cross-validation | NA | Univariable and multivariable analysis | DL |
4 | David J. Houserman [19] | USA | Case–control | NA | A high-volume joint replacement practice | NA | NA | NA | Random sampling | 812(P) | NA | DL |
5 | Afshin Jamshidi [32] | Canada | Cohort | 9y | OAI | 413(K) | 7589(K) | 6071(K) | Random sampling | 1518(K) | Lasso’s Cox | Cox, DL, RF, SVM, LR |
6 | Aniket A. Tolpadi [26] | USA | Cohort | 5y | OAI | NA | 35482(I) | 23126(I) | Random sampling | 5241(I) | Literature review, multivariable analysis | DL |
7 | Aleksei Tiulpin [32] | Finland | Cohort | 7y | MUST | 30(P) | 557(P) | 557(P) | Cross-validation | NA | Literature review, univariable, and multivariable analysis | LR |
8 | Dahai Yu [28] | UK | Cohort | 10y | CPRD and Multicenter | NA | NA | 416030(P) | Cross-validation | NA | Literature review, Record-Wide Association Study, and panel consensus | Cox |
9 | Khadija Mahmoud [29] | UK | Cohort | 5y | OAI and MOST | 297(P) | 6291(P) | 3234(P) | Internal validation: random sampling External validation: MOST | 3057(P) | Literature review, expert knowledge | LR, LASSO, Ridge, DT, RF, GBM |
10 | Stephan Heisinger [20] | Austria | Cohort | 4y | OAI | 165(P) | 165(P) | 83(P) | Random sampling | 82(P) | Variables of interest were publicly available | ANN |
11 | Haresh Rengaraj Rajamohan [27] | USA | Cohort | 9y | OAI and MOST | 650(P) | 5307(P) | 706(P) | Cross-validation | 4601(P) | Univariable and multivariable analysis | ANN, DL, Ensemble model |
12 | Yang Li [34] | China | Cohort | 11y | OAI | 273(P) | 4796(P) | 188(P) | Random sampling | 81(P) | NA | LASSO |
13 | Hongzhi Liu [35] | China | Cohort | 5y | A high‐volume joint replacement practice | 537(K) | 1779(K) | 1156(K) | Random sampling | 623(K) | Univariate cox, multi-variate cox, and Lasso’s Cox | DL |