Table 1 Characteristics and aspects of included studies
Authors, year | Study types | Sample size | Mean age (± SD) | Intervention | Dose | Study duration | Measured outcomes | Key results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awoyemi et al. [21] | Randomized, Phase II, multicenter, randomized, open label, controlled trial | Probiotic: 52 Antibiotic: 48 Control: 51 | Probiotic: 62 ± 8 Antibiotic: 59 ± 10 Control: 60 ± 10 | Probiotic yeast S. boulardii | Intervention: two capsules of 250 mg twice a day Control: Standard of care | 12 weeks | LVEF, NT-proBNP, TMAO | No significant effect of LVEF, TMAO, microbiota diversity and CRP |
Costanza et al. [26] | Randomized, DB, PC, Parallel design | Probiotic: 10 Placebo: 10 | Probiotic: ND Placebo: ND | Probiotic preparation with S. boulardii | Intervention: Probiotic (1000 mg/day) for a 3-month daily Control: Placebo for a 3-month daily | 3 months | LVEF, hs-CRP, Creatinine, Glycemia, TC, UA | Reduction in total cholesterol, uric acid, and improvmenet in LVEF |
Flammer et al. [27] | Randomized, DB, PC | Polyphenol: 10 Placebo: 10 | Polyphenol: 60.3 + 10.1 Placebo: 58.1 + 11.9 | Flavanol-rich chocolate (FRC) | Intervention: 40 g of FRC Placebo: 28.4 g of control chocolate (CC) | 4 weeks | NT-proBNP, hs-CRP, Creatinine | Flow-mediated vasodila-tation significantly improved, platelet adhesion significantly decreased |
Gal et al. [24] | DB, PC, single-center design | Polyphenol: 30 Placebo: 30 | Polyphenol: 65.8 ± 10.41 Placebo: 67.5 ± 11.50 | Resveratrol capsule | Intervention: 100 mg resveratrol capsule daily for 3 months Placebo: Received inactive agent | 3 months | LVEF, Hematocrit, WBV, RBC aggregation | No significant effect on hematocrit and viscosity, significant improvement of red blood cell aggregation |
Karim et al. [22] | Randomized, DB, PC, multi-site | Probiotic: 53 Placebo: 55 | Probiotic: 53 ± 4.9 Placebo: 55 ± 5.6 | Vivomixx: 112B capsules containing bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and Streptococcus thermophilus | Intervention: Received Vivomixx 112 billion capsules daily for 12 weeks Control: Received inactive agent | 12 weeks | LVEF, hs-CRP, HGS, ASMI, SPPB | Improved HGS, gait speed, and plasma Dkk-1, and reduced plasma zonulin, Dkk-3, and SREBP1 |
Moludi et al. [28] | Randomized, DB, PC, single center | Probiotic: 22 Placebo: 22 | Probiotic: 57.10 ± 7.80 Placebo: 56.70 ± 9.10 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotic capsule | Intervention: 1 probiotic capsule (1.6 × 109 CFU) daily; Control: Placebo capsules | 3 months | LVEF, hs-CRP, MMP-9, TMAO, Procollagen III | Significant decreases in serum TGF-β, no differences in MMP-9 and procollagen III levels |
Panahi et al. [25] | Randomized, DB, PC | Polyphenol: 30 Placebo: 30 | Polyphenol: 30 ± 7.9 Placebo: 64.9 ± 9.8 | Nanocurcumin | Intervention: 40 mg nanocurcumin capsule twice daily for 7 days Control: placebo dose based on manufacturer's recommendation | 7 days | NT-proBNP, Creatinine, IL-6, eGFR | No statistically significant difference in the reduction in IL-6 and NTproBNP levels in the intervention and control groups |
Pourrajab et al. [23] | Randomized, TB, PC, parallel-group trial | Probiotic: 39 Placebo: 39 | Probiotic: 53.87 ± 7.25 Placebo: 55.59 ± 8.95 | Low-fat probiotic yogurt with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 | Intervention: 300 mL of probiotic yogurt/day (3 × 109 cfu per day) Control: 300 mL of regular yogurt/day | 10 weeks | NT-proBNP, oxLDL, Pentraxin3 | The levels of PTX3 and oxLDL in both the groups decreased significantly ApoB100 significantly decreased in the control group |