Fig. 3

Metabolite pattern differences between PCOS and control patients with GDM. A Volcano plots of different metabolites in GDM vs. CON groups; B volcano plots of different metabolites in PCOS–GDM vs. PCOS groups; C heatmap: hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on differential metabolites between GDM and CON; D heatmap: hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on differential metabolites between PCOS–GDM and PCOS; E significantly enriched pathways in GDM vs. CON groups; F significantly enriched pathways in PCOS–GDM vs. PCOS groups. For bubble plots, the color of the dots reflects the enrichment p value, and the size reflects the count of the enriched metabolite. The impact value shows the weight of the metabolite on the pathway