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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants based on vitamin D quartiles

From: Uncovering the subtle relationship between vitamin D and kidney stones: a cross-sectional NHANES-based study

Variables

Vitamin D

 

Quartile 1

(n = 6066)

Quartile 2

(n = 6075)

Quartile 3

(n = 6098)

Quartile 4

(n = 6084)

P

Gender, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Male

2936 (48.40)

3326 (54.75)

3279 (53.77)

2618 (43.03)

 

 Female

3130 (51.60)

2749 (45.25)

2819 (46.23)

3466 (56.97)

 

Age (years)

44.00 (31.00,58.75)

46.00 (33.00,61.00)

50.00 (37.00,64.00)

60.00 (44.00,71.00)

 < 0.001

Race, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

1123 (18.51)

1232 (20.28)

808 (13.25)

388 (6.38)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

1188 (19.58)

2247 (36.99)

3219 (52.79)

4077 (67.01)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

2440 (40.22)

1080 (17.78)

740 (12.14)

654 (10.75)

 

Other Race

1315 (21.68)

1516 (24.95)

1331 (21.83)

965 (15.86)

 

Education level, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Less than 9th grade

522 (8.61)

724 (11.92)

578 (9.48)

414 (6.80)

 

 9–12th grade

2480 (40.88)

2230 (36.71)

2135 (35.01)

2020 (33.20)

 

 More than 12th grade

3064 (50.51)

3121 (51.37)

3385 (55.51)

3650 (59.99)

 

Marital status, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Cohabitation

3145 (51.85)

3661 (60.26)

3897 (63.91)

3777 (62.08)

 

 Solitude

2921 (48.15)

2414 (39.74)

2201 (36.09)

2307 (37.92)

 

Family PIR, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Low (≤ 1.3)

2314 (38.15)

2090 (34.40)

1765 (28.94)

2365 (38.87)

 

 Medium (1.3–3.5)

2400 (39.56)

2362 (38.88)

2216 (36.34)

1507 (24.77)

 

 High (> 3.5)

1352 (22.29)

1623 (26.72)

2117 (34.72)

2212 (36.36)

 

Smoke, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

2651 (43.70)

2656 (43.72)

2866 (47.00)

2892 (47.53)

 

 No

3415 (56.30)

3419 (56.28)

3232 (53.00)

3192 (52.47)

 

Alcohol, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

4065 (67.01)

4150 (68.31)

4367 (71.61)

4189 (68.85)

 

 No

2001 (32.99)

1925 (31.69)

1731 (28.39)

1895 (31.15)

 

Physical activity, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Inactive

1846 (30.43)

1496 (24.63)

1436 (23.55)

1467 (24.11)

 

 Moderate

2164 (35.67)

2258 (37.17)

2278 (37.36)

2403 (39.50)

 

 Vigorous

2056 (33.89)

2321 (38.21)

2384 (39.09)

2214 (36.39)

 

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

    

0.015

 Yes

1253 (20.66)

1159 (19.08)

1127 (18.48)

1210 (19.89)

 

 No

4813 (79.34)

4916 (80.92)

4971 (81.52)

4874 (80.11)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

2081 (34.31)

1958 (32.23)

2176 (35.68)

2744 (45.10)

 

 No

3985 (65.69)

4117 (67.77)

3922 (64.32)

3340 (54.90)

 

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

195 (3.21)

234 (3.85)

257 (4.21)

349 (5.74)

 

 No

5871 (96.79)

5841 (96.15)

5841 (95.79)

5735 (94.26)

 

Stroke, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

210 (3.46)

174 (2.86)

214 (3.51)

332 (5.46)

 

 No

5856 (96.54)

5901 (97.14)

5884 (96.49)

5752 (94.54)

 

Cancer, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

351 (5.79)

405 (6.67)

625 (10.25)

1016 (16.70)

 

 No

5715 (94.21)

5670 (93.33)

5473 (89.75)

5068 (83.30)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

29.60 (25.10,35.20)

28.82 (25.04,33.36)

27.80 (24.40,31.80)

26.97 (23.60,31.05)

 < 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

93.00 (85.00,105.00)

93.00 (86.00,105.00)

93.00 (86.00,104.00)

93.00 (86.00,104.00)

0.570

HbA1c (%)

5.60 (5.20,6.00)

5.50 (5.20,5.90)

5.50 (5.20,5.90)

5.60 (5.30,5.90)

 < 0.001

TC (mg/dL)

187.00 (161.00,215.00)

188.00 (163.00,217.00)

191.00 (165.00,219.00)

191.00 (165.00,220.00)

 < 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

113.00 (76.00,178.75)

127.00 (84.00,197.00)

125.00 (84.00,191.00)

120.00 (82.00,181.00)

 < 0.001

HDL-c (mg/dL)

49.00 (40.25,60.00)

48.00 (40.00,58.00)

50.00 (41.00,61.00)

54.00 (44.00,67.00)

 < 0.001

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.82 (0.69,0.99)

0.84 (0.70,0.99)

0.87 (0.73,1.02)

0.89 (0.75,1.05)

 < 0.001

BUN (mg/dL)

11.00 (9.00,14.00)

12.00 (10.00,16.00)

13.00 (11.00,17.00)

14.00 (11.00,18.00)

 < 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.40 (4.50,6.50)

5.40 (4.50,6.40)

5.40 (4.50,6.30)

5.30 (4.40,6.30)

0.004

Total Calcium (mg/dL)

9.30 (9.10,9.60)

9.40 (9.10,9.60)

9.40 (9.20,9.60)

9.40 (9.20,9.70)

 < 0.001

Vitamin D (nmol/L)

34.43 (27.45,39.96)

54.23 (49.85,58.35)

70.75 (66.35,75.55)

95.45 (87.15,110.45)

 < 0.001

Kidney stones, n (%)

    

 < 0.001

 Yes

477 (7.86)

593 (9.76)

659 (10.81)

661 (10.86)

 

 No

5589 (92.14)

5482 (90.24)

5439 (89.19)

5423 (89.14)

 
  1. Data are shown as median (25th, 75th percentiles) or percentages, p < 0.05 considered statistically significant
  2. PIR, Poverty-to-income ratio; BMI, Body mass index; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HDL-c, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen
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European Journal of Medical Research

ISSN: 2047-783X

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