Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with and without kidney stones
Variables | Total (n = 24,323) | Without kidney stones (n = 21,933) | Kidney stones (n = 2390) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 12,159 (49.99) | 10,803 (49.25) | 1356 (56.74) | |
Female | 12,164 (50.01) | 11,130 (50.75) | 1034 (43.26) | |
Age (years) | 50.00 (35.00, 64.00) | 49.00 (34.00, 63.00) | 57.00 (43.00, 68.00) | < 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 3551 (14.60) | 3254 (14.84) | 297 (12.43) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 10,731 (44.12) | 9377 (42.75) | 1354 (56.65) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 4914 (20.20) | 4607 (21.00) | 307 (12.85) | |
Other Race | 5127 (21.08) | 4695 (21.41) | 432 (18.08) | |
Education level, n (%) | 0.777 | |||
Less than 9th grade | 2238 (9.20) | 2009 (9.16) | 229 (9.58) | |
9–12th grade | 8865 (36.45) | 7993 (36.44) | 872 (36.49) | |
More than 12th grade | 13,220 (54.35) | 11,931 (54.40) | 1289 (53.93) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Cohabitation | 14,480 (59.53) | 12,957 (59.08) | 1523 (63.72) | |
Solitude | 9843 (40.47) | 8976 (40.92) | 867 (36.28) | |
Family PIR, n (%) | 0.364 | |||
Low (≤ 1.3) | 7676 (31.56) | 6939 (31.64) | 737 (30.84) | |
Medium (1.3–3.5) | 9190 (37.78) | 8255 (37.64) | 935 (39.12) | |
High (> 3.5) | 7457 (30.66) | 6739 (30.73) | 718 (30.04) | |
Smoke, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 11,065 (45.49) | 9817 (44.76) | 1248 (52.22) | |
No | 13,258 (54.51) | 12,116 (55.24) | 1142 (47.78) | |
Alcohol, n (%) | 0.008 | |||
Yes | 16,771 (68.95) | 15,180 (69.21) | 1591 (66.57) | |
No | 7552 (31.05) | 6753 (30.79) | 799 (33.43) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Inactive | 6245 (25.68) | 5503 (25.09) | 742 (31.05) | |
Moderate | 9103 (37.43) | 8230 (37.52) | 873 (36.53) | |
Vigorous | 8975 (36.90) | 8200 (37.39) | 775 (32.43) | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 4749 (19.52) | 4019 (18.32) | 730 (30.54) | |
No | 19,574 (80.48) | 17,914 (81.68) | 1660 (69.46) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 8959 (36.83) | 7743 (35.30) | 1216 (50.88) | |
No | 15,364 (63.17) | 14,190 (64.70) | 1174 (49.12) | |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 1035 (4.26) | 840 (3.83) | 195 (8.16) | |
No | 23,288 (95.74) | 21,093 (96.17) | 2195 (91.84) | |
Stroke, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 930 (3.82) | 794 (3.62) | 136 (5.69) | |
No | 23,393 (96.18) | 21,139 (96.38) | 2254 (94.31) | |
Cancer, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 2397 (9.85) | 2028 (9.25) | 369 (15.44) | |
No | 21,926 (90.15) | 19,905 (90.75) | 2021 (84.56) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.20 (24.50, 32.86) | 28.03 (24.30, 32.70) | 29.50 (25.80, 34.10) | < 0.001 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 93.00 (86.00, 105.00) | 93.00 (86.00, 104.00) | 97.00 (88.00, 113.00) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.50 (5.30, 5.90) | 5.50 (5.20, 5.90) | 5.70 (5.40, 6.10) | < 0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 189.00 (163.00, 218.00) | 189.00 (164.00, 218.00) | 188.00 (161.00, 215.00) | 0.009 |
TG (mg/dL) | 121.00 (81.00, 187.00) | 120.00 (80.00, 185.00) | 136.00 (92.00, 204.00) | < 0.001 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 50.00 (41.00, 61.00) | 51.00 (42.00, 62.00) | 47.00 (40.00, 58.00) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.06) | < 0.001 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 13.00 (10.00, 16.00) | 13.00 (10.00, 16.00) | 14.00 (11.00, 18.00) | < 0.001 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.40 (4.50, 6.40) | 5.40 (4.40, 6.40) | 5.60 (4.60, 6.60) | < 0.001 |
Total Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.40 (9.20, 9.60) | 9.40 (9.20, 9.60) | 9.40 (9.10, 9.60) | 0.003 |
Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 62.35 (45.15, 80.85) | 61.95 (44.75, 80.55) | 65.85 (49.31, 83.06) | < 0.001 |