Fig. 3

Forest plot depicting MR results for the association of genetically proxied type 1 diabetes with oral potentially malignant disorders. The association between genetically proxied type 1 diabetes and oral potentially malignant disorders were assessed before and after removing outliers (detected by Radial MR). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated for the categorical outcomes. Inverse variance weighted analyses showed that genetically predicted type 1 diabetes is significantly associated with a reduced risk of actinic cheilitis and an increased risk of oral lichen planus, with consistent directions detected by MR–Egger and weighted median approaches. N. SNPs number of SNPs used in MR, OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, IVW inverse variance weighted, AC actinic cheilitis, OLK oral leukoplakia, OLP oral lichen planus, FDR false discovery rate