Fig. 1

Workflow of Mendelian randomization study revealing causality from diabetes on oral potentially malignant disorders. We first employed human genetic data within the Mendelian randomization framework to examine the overall causal link between diabetes or glycemic traits and the risk of developing oral potentially malignant disorders, such as oral lichen planus and oral leukoplakia and actinic cheilitis. Subsequently, we assessed the specific effects of significant indicators on the likelihood of developing oral potentially malignant disorders using multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses