Table 1 Changes in gut flora composition caused by addictive substance use disorder

Opioid

Human

Compare the fecal microbiota composition of cirrhotic patients who take and do not take opioids

Bacteroidaceae\(\downarrow\)

[91]

Opioid

Human

Analyze the fecal microbiota composition of African American males with opioid use disorder (n = 99)

Bifidobacterium\(\uparrow\)

[25]

Opioid

Human

Collect fecal samples from patients with substance use disorders who use and do not use agonists and antagonists for analysis

Roseburia\(\downarrow\),

Bilophila\(\downarrow\)

[92]

Methadone

Human

Comparison of fecal microbiota composition in non-opioid users and methadone-treated individuals

Actinobacteria\(\uparrow\),

Verrucomicrobia\(\downarrow\)

[93]

METH

Human

Select subjects with METH use disorder and healthy subjects matched for age and gender to analyze the differences in gut microbiota

Sphingomonadales\(\uparrow\), Xanthomonadales\(\uparrow\),

Romboutsia\(\uparrow\),

Lachnospiraceae\(\uparrow\);

Deltaproteobacteria\(\downarrow\), Bacteroidaceae\(\downarrow\)

[94]

Cocaine

Human

Recruit HIV-infected individuals (n = 15) and participants who are not infected with HIV, both of whom have used cocaine within the past month, to analyze gut microbiota

Bacteroidetes\(\uparrow\),

Firmicutes\(\downarrow\)

[95]

Morphine

Mouse

Treat mice with sustained-release morphine pellets or placebo pellets for 16 h to measure changes in gut microbiota

Parasuterella excrementihominis\(\uparrow\),

Enterococcus faecalis\(\uparrow\), Enterorhabdus caecimuris\(\uparrow\);

Lactobacillus johnsonii\(\downarrow\)

[96]

Heroin

Mouse

Continuous injection of 10 mg/kg heroin for 21 days, and the feces of mice were collected for analysis

Bifidobacterium\(\uparrow\),

Sutterella\(\uparrow\);

Akkermansia\(\downarrow\)

[97]

METH

Mouse

C57/BL6 mice were injected with METH (15 mg/kg) to induce anxiety-like behavior, and the gut microbiome was analyzed

Roseburia\(\uparrow\),

Lactobacillus\(\uparrow\),

Mucispirillum\(\uparrow\),

Rikenella\(\uparrow\),

Bifidobacterium\(\uparrow\);

[29]

Cocaine

Rat

Male rats were exposed to cocaine, caffeine, or phenacetin smoke for 14 days to analyze changes in the gut microbiome

Lachnospiraceae\(\uparrow\), Prevotellaceae\(\uparrow\);

Spirochaetaceae\(\downarrow\),

Desulfovibrionaceae\(\downarrow\)

[98]

METH

Rat

Male rats were injected twice daily with saline for the first 14 days, followed by twice daily injections of 2 mg/ml METH for the next 14 days, and fecal samples were collected for analysis

Actinobacteria\(\uparrow\),

Bacteroidetes\(\downarrow\)

[65]