Table 1 Classification of subjects based on smartphone addiction scores (average ± standard deviation), along with their anthropometric and demographic measurements

No (%)

40 (44.4)

50 (55.5)

70 (43.7)

90 (56.3)

Age (years)

17.6 ± 1.4

21.1 ± 1.6

19.6 ± 1.9

18.9 ± 1.3

Gender (M/F)

25/15

32/18

25/45

35/55

Weight (kg)

61.6 ± 3.6

79.5 ± 5.3^a

86.4 ± 3.1^b

95.5 ± 3.8^c

Height (m)

1.52 ± 1.5

1.6 ± 1.2

1.7 ± 4.9

1.82 ± 38

BMI (kg/m²)

18.6 ± 1.8

21.5 ± 1.6^a

23.3 ± 7.5^b

27.2 ± 1.5^c

WHR

0.49 ± 0.6

0.53 ± 1.0^a

0.72 ± 4.2^b

0.86 ± 5.1^c

WHtR

0.46 ± 0.5

0.61 ± 0.89^a

0.91 ± 0.73^b

0.97 ± 0.782^c

SAS

18.6 ± 9.5

36.1 ± 11.5^b

158.8 ± 32.2^c

175.4 ± 21.5^c

MSD in neck and hand

 NDI score

12.2 ± 1.6

45.6 ± 12.3^b

56.1 ± 21.7^c

86.9 ± 26.3^c

 CHDQ score

35.4 ± 3.8

85.4 ± 15.9^b

88.9 ± 22.7^c

96.3 ± 32.4^c

 VAS pain score

4.6 ± 0.75

15.9 ± 5.8^b

25.3 ± 9.3^c

36.4 ± 11.2^c

MSD biomarkers

 TIMP-1 (ng/mL)

28.7 ± 5.7

21.5 ± 2.5^b

16.4 ± 3.8^c

11.3 ± 4.8^c

 TIMP-2 (ng/mL)

42.1 ± 11.2

32.7 ± 5.6^b

28.7 ± 6.4^c

20.4 ± 2.4^c

 5-HT (serotonin; ng/ml)

15.6 ± 4.7

19.4 ± 6.1^b

25.4 ± 3.7^c

32.7 ± 4.7^c

 TG

8.4 ± 2.7

11.7 ± 1.4^b

18.7 ± 2.7^c

28.1 ± 3.7^c

 MDA (μ mole/L)

31.4 ± 9.6

12.2 ± 4.3^b

25.3 ± 9.1^c

38.4 ± 6.1^c

 TAC