Fig. 3

Evaluation and validation of the predictive model. a ROC curves of the predictive model in the training set, internal validation set, and external validation set, all displaying AUCs greater than 0.75. b PR curves of the predictive model in the training, internal validation, and external validation sets, all exhibiting AUCs exceeding 0.70. c Calibration curves of the predictive model in the training, internal validation, and external validation sets, all demonstrating a high degree of calibration. d DCA curves for the predictive model in the training, internal validation, and external validation sets, all indicating robust clinical applicability