Table 3 The effects of acute exercise on exosome-like vesicles
Exercise protocol | Bio-fluid | Time of collection | Verification method | Verification marker | Exercise effect on EVs | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treadmill 40 min at low intensity (14–16 m/min, ∼20% below MLSS) in untrained Wistar rats Treadmill 40 min at moderate intensity (20–22 m·min − 1, on MLSS) Treadmill for 40 min at high intensity (24–26 m·min − 1, 20% above MLSS) | SER | (i) Non-Ex Group (ii) Post-Ex Group | RPS TEM I-EM | CD63 ApoA-IV Calnexin | ↑∼2 to threefold Post-Ex RPS particle count; ↑ CD63 Post-Ex ↔ ApoA-IV | [198] |
Rota-Rod for 60 min at a speed of 5.8 m·min − 1 | PLA | (i) Non-Ex Group (ii) Post-Ex (iii) 15 m Post-Ex | TEM | ALIX Hsp70 Hsp60 | No detectable ALIX, Hsp60, Hsp70 in Non-Ex ↑ALIX, Hsp60, Hsp70 Post-Ex ↑ ALIX, Hsp60, Hsp70 15 m Post-Ex | [200] |
The treadmill running incremental to exhaustion (2 km/h · min − 3) at 1.5% inclination | PLA | (i) Pre-Ex (ii) Post-Ex (iii) 10 m Post-Ex (iv) 30 m Post-Ex (v) 90 m Post-Ex | None | Flot1 Hsc/Hsp70 | ↑ Flot1, Hsp70 Post-Ex to 90 m Post-Ex | [190] |
Cycling ergometer incremental test to exhaustion (50W · min − 3) in recreationally active men The treadmill running incremental to exhaustion (2 km/h · min − 3) at 1.5% inclination | PLA | (i) Pre-Ex (ii) Post-Ex (iii) 90 m Post-Ex (i) Pre-Ex (ii) Post-Ex (iii) 90 m Post-Ex (iv) 6 h Post-Ex | NTA No EM | Flot1 Hsp/Hsc70 TSG101 Integrin allb | ↑ ∼2.7-fold NTA particle count Post-Ex; ↑Flot1, Hsp/Hsc70 Post-Ex ↔ TSG101, IntaIIb ↑ ∼1.5-fold NTA particle count Post-Ex; ↑Flot1 Post-Ex ↔ Hsp/Hsc70, IntaIIb TSG101 not detectable by WB | [182] |
Submaximal test at moderate constant workload (60% VO2max) for 30 min or until exhaustion in healthy or obese men and women | PLA | (i) Pre-Ex (ii) Post-Ex (iii) 3 h Post-Ex (iv) 24 h Post-Ex | NTA No EM | None | ↓Post-Ex NTA particle Coun | [201] |
Cycling (1 h; 30 min at 55%, 20 min at 70%, and 10 min at 80% of VO2max until exhaustion) in healthy men | PLA | (i) Pre-Ex (ii) Post-Ex (iii) 4 h Post-Ex | NTA C-EM | Proteomic Analysis: TSG101 ALIX CD63 CD9 | ↑ ∼twofold NTA particle count Post-Ex; " ↑322 proteins at Post-Ex ↔ NTA particle count 4 h Post-Ex ↑ 3 proteins 4 h Post-Ex | [188] |
PMJ (10 × 10 maximal jumps) followed by DHR (5 × 4 min DHR at 10 km/h at 10% decline) in untrained males | PLA | (i) Pre-Ex (ii) 2 h Post-Ex (iii) 24 h Post-Ex | NTA TEM | None | ↔ No change 2 h and 24 h Post-Ex | [199] |
Cycling ergometer incremental test to exhaustion (40 W min − 3) in trained men | PLA | (i) Pre-Ex (ii) During Ex (RQ 0.9) (iii) Post-Ex | NTA EM | CD9 CD63 CD81 TSG101 ApoA1 EV Array, MACSPlex | ↔ No change in NTA particle counts ↑CD63, CD9, CD81 | [181] |